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Methods & Reagents

Methods

Eight-micron thick paraffin-embedded sections are stained with:

  • hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)
  • Bielschowsky silver stain
  • Sevier-Munger silver stain
  • thioflavine S
  • cresyl violet
  • myelin stains(e.g. LFB-PAS)

Additional paraffin-embedded sections are immunohistochemically labeled with antibodies to:

  • alpha-synuclein
  • β-amyloid (Aβ)
  • FUS (fused in sarcoma)
  • glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
  • neurofilaments
  • tau (microtubule associated protein)
  • Tar DNA-binding Protein 43 (TDP-43)
  • phospho-Tar DNA-binding Protein 43 (TDP-43)
  • tyrosine hydroxylase
  • ubiquitin

Endogenous perox idase in tissue sections is blocked with 3% H2O2 in methanol for 5 min at 40°C, and ______ sections are pretreated _______. For immunodetection, nonspecific reagent binding is blocked with normal serum in 0.1 M Tris each for one hour at room temperature. Sections are incubated in primary antibody (_______) _______. After rinsing, sections are incubated for _______ in biotinylated secondary antibody, rinsed, incubated for _______ in avidin-biotin complex, and then developed with diaminobenzidine (DAB). Appropriate positive controls are included in each immunohistochemical experiment. Negative controls consist of sections incubated without primary antibody.

Reagents

  • Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein mouse monoclonal antibody Clone pSyn #64 – Wako, Richmond, VA
  • Aβ mouse monoclonal antibodies 6E10 and 4G8 – Covance, Princeton, NJ
  • FUS rabbit polyclonal (Prestige) antibody – Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO
  • Glial fibrillary acidic protein, mouse monoclonal and rabbit polyclonal antibodies – Dako, Carpinteria, CA
  • Neurofilaments, phosphorylated, mouse monoclonal antibody – Dako, Carpinteria, CA
  • Tau antibody – mouse monoclonal PHF-1 – gift from Peter Davies
  • TDP-43 rabbit polyclonal antibody – Protein Tech, Chicago, IL
  • Phospho-TDP-43 rabbit polyclonal antibody – Cosmo, Carlsbad, CA
  • Tyrosine hydroxylase mouse monoclonal antibody – Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO
  • Ubiquitin mouse monoclonal antibody Clone Ubi-1 – Millipore, Billerica, MA
  • Pepsin, ready-to-use – Accurate Chemical & Scientific, Westbury, NY
  • Vectastain Elite kits (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) are used for ABC-based immunodetection of antigen-antibody complexes.
  • Diaminobenzidine - (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) is used for color development